Land & Environment

The Canada Observatory leaf in the Land & Environment colour

Canada’s physical environment: its land, water, air, and ecosystems.

The Land

Where People Live

Population density by province and city, and Canada’s place in the world.

Ecozones & Land Cover

Canada’s 15 terrestrial ecozones and how land cover varies across them.

Elevation

A relief web-map of the landscape, with named mountains.

Water

The 40 largest lakes and rivers.

Agriculture

Agricultural land across the country.

Protected Areas

Protected and conserved lands and waters.

Climate & Atmosphere

Today’s Climate

Climate normals across the country.

Climate Change

National, regional, and city warming, by season.

Wildfire

Area burned since 1959 and wildfire locations.

Ice

Permafrost zones and Arctic sea-ice extent.

Air Quality

Emissions and concentrations over time, against peers, including wildfire smoke.

Air Quality by City

A monitoring dashboard for major cities, back to 1974.

Emissions & Energy

Greenhouse-gas emissions and the electricity mix.